Cobol was issued by the US Government Printing Office in 1960. Cobol was developed by the Conference on Data Systems Languages. The source program is written using combination of algebraic formulas and English statements of a standard but readable form.Īnother high-level machine language is Cobol. It is used for scientific and mathematical problems.
#PRIMARY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE LIST CODE#
Fortran allows programmers to calculate complex formulas with a few source code instructions. And it was one of the first high-level languages for FORmular TRANslator. The syntax rules may include how statements are written, the order in which statements occur, and how sections of programs are organized.įORTRAN was created in 1954 by John Backus. Syntax is the set of rules governing the language’s structure and statements. Each programming language includes a set of statement and a syntax. A statement translates into one or more instructions at the machine language level. For example, PRINT FILE, TXT is a statement. High-level language requires just a single statement.Ī Statement is an expression of instruction in a programming language. Low-level languages required only a single letter or a short mnemonic a term, or a word that is easy to identify, such as ADD for addition. High-level programming languages combine several machine language instructions into one high-level instruction. A high-level language is a language in which each instruction or statement correspond to several machine code instructions.Īs high-level languages are a method of writing programs using Englishlike words as instructions, they allow users to write in a notation with which they are familiar, e.g., Fortran in mathematical notation, Cobol in English. The creation of high-level programming languages followed. So Assembly languages were the first bridge between the English Language and the computer’s binary language. For the most part, assembly languages are used by systems programmers to develop operating systems and their components. Assembly code can’t even be transferred between some machines built by the same manufacturer. Assembly code for a Prime mini won’t work on a Digital mini. Manufacturers – they can’t be translated and used on another computer. Assembly languages are still provided by most computer Machine-dependent means the instructions are specific to one type of computer hardware. They offer programmers greater ease in writing instructions but preserve the programmer’s ability to declare exactly what operations the hardware performs.Īssembly languages are machine-specific, or machine-dependent. Electronic circuitry turns these 0s and 1s into the operations the computer performs.Īssembly Languages are powerful programming tools because they allow programmers a large amount of direct control over the hardware. They are comprised of ones and zeros, and are directly understood or executed by hardware. The programming languages fall into three general categories. The result was what we call Programming Languages. People began quickly searching for a better, faster way to issue instructions to the computer. Needless to say, this was a slow, awkward process. First machines were initially programmed by flipping toggle switches and changing cables. When the first early computers were built, there were no programming languages. Programming has been with us for over 40 years but it wasn’t born at the time as the first computers. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
#PRIMARY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE LIST HOW TO#
Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. What are desktop publishing programs used to? What are the perfect tools for creating drawings?Ĩ. What is a personal computer capable doing now?ħ.
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